بحث عن الادب بالانجليزى Literature

Literature

Literature is one of the forms of human expression of all human emotions, thoughts, thoughts and concerns in the finest written styles ranging from prose to prose to weighted poetry to open the doors of power to express what can not be expressed in another way. [1] [2] [3] Literature is closely related to the language. The real output of the language of the Code and the culture written in this language is preserved in the forms of literature and its manifestations, which vary in different regions and ages and have always witnessed variations and developments with the ages and times. There are many statements that dealt with literature, including William Hazlet Is the true image reflected on her ideas ..)

Definition of literature

The word is different in its origins and evolution, it is said that it is literature in the sense of calling for the banquet, or the individual literature - the collection of da'ab - after turning it into etiquette, and indicates the sport of the soul on what is desirable to the biography and creation, and the education of poetry, stories, news and genealogy, Systems and prose and what they call them to interpret and criticize. Linguistic sciences came under the name, and then took the maturation of each of them. The son of the Anbari [?] In ((Alba picnic in the layers of literature)) translates to grammarians, linguists, poets and writers. Some of them have published literature on authorship in general. Some of them introduced the necessary systems and cultures to a group of society, such as writers, ministers, judges, and others, and some introduced special skills, such as playing chess and playing oud. Literature now has two meanings: a general indication of mental production generally written in books, and a good sign of good speech that happens to the recipients of artistic pleasure, along with the moral meaning. The literature in the Jaahiliyyah poetry, and speeches, and joined them in the late Umayyad period technical writing. The ancients classified poetry, depending on its subjects, to pride, yarn, praise, glamor, and others. And writing to the letters of Diwaniyah, Brotherhood, and positions. They differed in the stories. All these divisions have undergone great changes, depending on the Arab connection to Western literature, and Western perceptions of classification

                                                                                                   

The art of saying

The art of saying or the art of expression is a charming word. And its fruit is prose or poetic, characterized by the beauty of form and often involves a content with a human dimension that gives it residual value. The term also refers to the sum of these effects produced in a country, or a language, such as Arabic literature, English literature, French literature, or the total effects produced in a particular era such as Umayyad literature, Abbasid literature, Elizabethan literature Elizabeth. The writer is an original talent, a high culture, a prudent thinking, a sensuous sense, creative imagination, a sound language, a graceful expression, and a pious style. This raises the question: Why do we read literature? We read literature for pleasure in the first place. The fun may take different forms. It is people who read literature for leisure, and some accept it in order to escape from his own world and access to the worlds of others. Then we often read literature for knowledge and knowledge; we find it fun to learn about the lives of people in a given country or region; and what we can most find solutions to our personal problems when we meet on the pages of books people whose problems resemble our problems to the near or distant, Literature helps us to understand the positions of our inability to understand them in real life ... but why does the writer create his literature? It is a writer who does so simply to express his emotions and ideas or just to want to produce a technical impact, but many writers today take literature as a means to analyze the human psyche or a platform for social criticism and call for reform or revolution. Traditionally, literature is divided into "prose" and "poetry" and Western critics divide it into "fiction," "fiction," "fiction," or "nonfiction." Novel literature includes novell, short story, drama, and poetry. Literary literature includes essay, biography, autobiography, literary criticism, and others.

Arab definition

The Arabs: The researcher can hardly find any text in the pre-Islamic era using the word "literature", and all he finds is the word "literature" in the sense of calling for food, said Tarfa:

We are in the appellation we call the Vivid

Do not see the literature in us settle down

In the Islamic era, the word "literature" in the sense of "zebra" is mentioned in the hadeeth of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him): "My Lord has taught me and I am good in my discipline." Some of them see that such a grammatical meaning may have been common in the pre-Islamic era. It seems that the metaphor has helped to move the meaning of the word sense of the sense of the call to food to the meaning of mind is the call to Makarem. The word is used in the Umayyad era, meaning new, along with its moral meaning. It is the educational meaning. It is used to refer to the "mujaibeen" and they are the teachers who used to teach the children of the caliphs poetry, speeches, language, news of the Arabs, their descendants and their days in ignorance and Islam. The combination of the subjects of teaching and education in the Abbasid period continued, as noted in the book "The Great Literature and the Little Literature" by Ibn al-Muqaffa. And "the door of literature" from the "House of enthusiasm" to Abu Tamam, and «book of literature» to Ibn Mu'taz. In general, it may be said that the word was used in the second and third centuries of the Hijra and the centuries after the knowledge of Arab poetry and news. The Arab authors classified books that they classified as literary books such as Al-Bayan and Taibeen for Al-Jahiz (255) (285 AH), the "Unique Contract" of Ibn Abed Rabbo (328 AH), and "The Flower of Literature" (p. 453).

In fact, "the educational meaning of the systems, prose and related salt and narratives has not stopped at all. It has sometimes expanded to encompass all non-religious knowledge that transcends the social and cultural aspects of man."

In this broad sense, the researcher finds it in the Ikhwan al-Safa in the fourth century AH when they used it in their letters to denote the sciences of magic, chemistry, arithmetic, transactions and commerce as well as the sciences of the Qur'an, the statement, the history and the news.

It seems that this broad meaning was the basis on which Ibn Khaldun (808 e) was based on the launching of the word "literature" on all knowledge, whether religious or secular. The literature in his view "is not a subject to be considered to prove its symptoms or negation, Which is the mastery of the art of the system and the source of the methods and methods of the Arabs. Then if anyone wanted this art they said literature is keeping the poetry of the Arabs and news, and take every knowledge of the party ».

It is worth mentioning that the word has been used since the third century AH, in addition to the significance of the meanings referred to, to indicate the Sunan, which must be taken into account in a certain social group such as writers or scribes or ministers or judges and so on, The book "The Literature of the Writer" by Ibn Qutaiba and "The Literature of Nadim" by Lakshagem (about 350 AH), and other books that dealt with the literature of the judge and the literature of the minister and the literature of Hadith and literature of food and etiquette of travel.

Since the beginning of the comprehensive Arab-European confrontation after the French campaign against Egypt, the word has been used in modern Arabic to denote the word "literature" in English and "Littérature". Today it refers to "literature" as one of the six or seven fine arts, The definitions, viewpoints and assertions one notices among Arab critics, literary historians and modern Arabic scholars.